BBC: The cost of life-saving vaccines

Today we're going to talk about the cost of keeping people healthy. The price of life-saving vaccines has escalated- has gone up- and someof the world's poorer countries are struggling to immunize children- to immunize, in other words, to prevent children from catching diseases. 

Yes, the organization Medicines Sans Frontieres is criticizing the pharmaceutical compainies which produce the vaccines. Medicins Sans Frontieres is a well-known charity- a charity is an organization set up to help and raise money for people in need. 

We're going to talk about the cost of vaccines and you'll learn some words you can use to discuss the topic yourself or to follow the news. But first, a question, Neil. 

Yes?

The first laboratory- developed vaccine was produced in 1879. The vaccine was against an animal disease called chickedn cholera. Who was the sceientist behind it ? Was it...

a) Alexander Fleming  b) Albert Sabin or c) Louis Pasteur

Well, I don't know, but I'm going to guess. Probably not a) because Fleming discovered penicillin. Probably not c) because Pasteur did pasteurization. I'm gonna go for b)

OK. It sounds like you know your vaccines. Well, we'll have the answer to that question at the end of the programme. Now, let's talk about the controversy behind these life- saving vaccines. On one side was have a charity and on the other side, the drug companies. 

Which vaccines are they talking about?

Well, they're talking about vaccines which provent diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, diphtheria and polio. Accounting to Medicins Sans Frontieres, between 2001 and 2014 there was a 68-fold increase in vaccine prices. 배가

Well, that is a lot!

It certainly is. And the group says that there are particular cases in which rich western countries are actually getting vaccines at a heaper rate than poorer countries. That's what Medicins Sans Frontieres says, and they're asking for more transparency around prices. 

Transparency means clarity, something done in an open way, without secrets. 

Yes, they want to know the cost of the vaccines. Let's hear what Rohit Malpani from Medicins Sans Frontieres has to say. See if you can spot the expression Malpani uses to describe how high the price of the vaccine is for some countries. 

This is all a black box. It's a black box in terms of the price they are charging to most countries around the world so they're often charging prices that are wildly out of proportion with their ability to pay. You have Morocco and Tunisia that now are paying higher prices than France for the pneumococcal vaccine. We also simply do not know the cost of production and if GlaxoSmithKline says that it costs more than we are saying it does, they they should simply submit to some sort of audit to ensure that we can verify the cost of production. 

The expression which describes the relationship between the price asked and the ability to pay is 'out of proportion'. It means it's unrealistic or exaggerated. 

And Malpani from Medicins Sans Frontieres says that Morocco and Tunisia are paying more than France- a much richer country- for a particular vaccine. 

And his organization wants transparency. They want to be able to verify the cost of production. To verify means to confirm that something is really true and they want the drug company to confirm that the cost to produce the vaccine is really as high as they say it is.

Well, at this point, we have to hear what the companies say. 

Yes, because they argue that they already sell these vaccines at ta discount, in other words, at a reduced price. 

Yes, they do. GlaxoSmithKline says that around 80% of all their vaccines, including the one mentioned by Malpani, are provided to developing countries at a substantial discount. And the company adds that the pneumococcal vaccine is one of the  most complex they've ever manufactured because it combines 10 vaccines in one. 

Yes. On one hand, vaccines take many years of research and these companies want to make a profit, which means to sell the product for more than it costs to make it. 

But on the other hand, the lack of vaccines can kill people and it's really very sad to see people dying of diseases which can be prevented. Some vaccines may be very affordable for a person in a rich country...

...but they might cost a fortune to someone in a poor country. 

This is a very complex problem and I'm sure we will talk about this again in the future. But now, let's go back to the quiz question, Neil. 

You asked about the first vaccine developed in a laboratory...

Yes, I did. The first laboratory- developed vaccine was produced in 1879. It was a vaccine for the animal disease called chicked cholera. I wanted to know the name of the scientist who developed it. Was it Alexander Fleming, Albert Sabin or Luis Pasteur?

And I said b) Albert Sabin. 

And you were wrong! The correct answer is c) Louis Pasteur, who was a French microbiologist. Now, Neil, the option you chose, the American scientist Albert Sabin, in fact developed an oral vaccine against polio in the 1950s- still very useful. And Alexander Fleming from Scotland did indeed discover penicillin, as you said.