BBC: Finding and eating wild food

Foraging is the activity of walking in the countryside, looking for plants you can eat that grow in the wild. That's anything from blackberries and chestnuts to muchrooms and wild garlic. It's something humans have always doen and recently it's become fashionable among groups of young people. Pippa, have you ever been foraging?

Yes, we used to go and pick blackberries when I was younger, but I haven't really done it as an adult, and I would be a bit nervous to look for mushrooms or things like that. What about you?

I'm exactly the same. If I see a blackberry on a bush, I will eat it! But mushrooms? No, Too scary. 

So, in this episode, we'll meet two young women from different countries who are passionate abSo,out foraging wild food. They're both self- taught, having learned to forage by studying the natural world around them, and it's important to say that they only eat waht they can identify with one hundred percent certainly, sticking to the rule, "If in doubt leave it out!"

We'll also be learning some useful new words and phrases, all of which you'll find on our website, bbclearningenglish.com. But befroe that, I have a question for you, Pippa. As mentioned, when foraging you must know for certain what is safe to eat. Something definitely not safe to eat is the mushroom Death Cap. As the name suggests, it's one of the world's deadliest mushrooms, and it's common across the British Isles, but what color is it? Are Death Cap mushrooms:

a) brown     b) white    or    c) red?

I'm going to say, if it's dangerous maybe it's red. 

OK, well, we'll find out later in the programme. First, let's meet Roushanna Gray, a wild-food forager living in Cape Point, South Africa. Roushanna learned how to forage from her mother-in-low, as she explains here to BBC World Service programme The Conversation. 

So, she is a horticulturalist. She has a deep knowledge of plants. And so, I would be, kind of, scanning the landscape and learning about these new plants- or new to me- and wondering if you could eat them. Something that's incredibly important in foraging is to know a hundred and ten percent if you can eat it- positive identification of the plant. And so, she was my plant person. 

Roushanna's mother-in-law is a horticulturalist-  a person who studies or grows plants such as flowers, fruits and vegetables. She has a deep knowledge of the wild plants growing in nature. A deep knowledge means a thorough understanding of a subject gained from experience and study, not just knowing the basic facts. 

One skill foragers need is scanning the landscape. Scanning means searching a wide area with your eyes to find some particular thing- in this case, edible plants and herbs. 

And of course, Roushanna only eats plants that she can positively identify- plants that she knows a hundred and ten percen are safe to eat. Here, the idiom a hundred and ten percent means Roushanna is completely sure. She has no doubt. And that's important, as the consequences of eating poisonous plants are serious- sickness or even death. 

Our second female forager, Emily Smith, moved to rural Japan to work on a project cataloguing and collecting wild mushrooms. With around 5,000 varieties, 300 of which are edible, mushrooms are an important part of traditional Japanese cooking. But with names like Death Cap and a reputation for being poisonous, mushrooms are what many wild foragers worry about the most. Emily discussed these worries with BBC World Service programe The Conversation. 

The stigma is a bit misplaced, I think, because plants can be just as dangerous, if not more dangerous than mushrooms, and I think that mushrooms have been much maligned. I mean, you've got to exercise caution, as Roushanna said, in anything that you pick. You need to know what it is before you consume it. "If in doubt, throw it out!" is a very good phrase to say. 

Emily thinks there's a stigma around mushrooms. A stigma is a negative belief about something which is not necessarily true or fair. In fact, many plants are just as poisonous as mushrooms. 

The main thing is to exercise caution- to act with care and attention so as to avoid possible dangers. In other words, to  be careful. 

And the best way of doing that is learning the difference between what's safe to eat and what's not. Speaking of which, what was the answer to your question, Beth?

Ah! I asked you, "What color are Death Cap mushrooms?" You said red, which I also thought was the answer. but actually they are white. Right, it's time to recap the vocabulary we've lkearnt about foraging, starting with horticulturalist- a person who studies or grows plants.

If you have a deep knowledge of subject, you have a thorough understnading of it, gained from experience and study. 

Scanning involves searching a wild area with your eyes to find some particular thing. 

If you're a hundred and ten percent sure about something, you're absolutely certain. You have no doubt. 

A stigma is an unfair, negative belief about something. 

And finally, to exerise caution is a more formal why of saying to be careful- something you should definitely remember if you go wild foraging yourself!

-consequence: result, outcome, effect, sequence

-stigma: 낙인, 오명